譯者：陳博文
The so-called Oslo Process that led to the signing of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, in 2008, was modeled after the process that gave us the Mine Ban Treaty. Committed governments, civil society under the leadership of the Cluster Munition Coalition, international organizations and United Nations agencies closely collaborated to fast-track a ban on these unacceptable weapons.
在過去，政府間就討論武器議題所設的論壇成效多半不彰，例如《特定常規武器公約》所創立的論壇。對此，挪威政府率先於2007年二月發起行動，也就是廣為人知的「奧斯陸進程」；在獲得包含挪威政府以及澳洲、羅馬教廷、愛爾蘭、紐西蘭、墨西哥與秘魯政府的支持，奧斯陸進程規劃於2008年創建一個新的武器管制國際條約。於2007年二月，「奧斯陸宣言」先獲得了46個國家的批准，承諾將完成一個以禁止使用、轉移與生產集束彈藥的條約以避免對一般平民造成傷害，其要求政府必須銷毀既有集束彈藥的囤積、對已受集束彈藥所傷的生存者提供適當的生活資源，並清理遭集束彈藥污染的地區。
Norway launched an initiative in February 2007, known as the Oslo Process, following the failure of government talks within the traditional forum for discussing weapons issues – the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). Led by Norway and other supportive governments including Austria, the Holy See, Ireland, New Zealand, Mexico and Peru, the Oslo Process set out to create an international treaty by the end of 2008. The February 2007 Oslo Declaration was endorsed by 46 countries and committed them to conclude a treaty that would prohibit the use, transfer, and production of cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians, would require the destruction of existing stockpiles, and provide adequate resources to assist survivors and clear contaminated areas.
在奧斯陸的會議結束後，一系列國際會議在秘魯、澳洲、紐西蘭與愛爾蘭召開，討論條約的內涵與條文。在此奧斯陸進程的會議中，約有140個國家參與一場或多於一場的會議，這些國家包含了使用、製造、囤積集束彈藥的國家，或受集束彈藥所影響的國家。區域性的會議也在比利時、柬埔寨、哥斯大黎加、墨西哥、泰國與尚比亞舉行。塞爾維亞也為受集束彈藥所影響的國家召開了一場會議。
Following the meeting in Oslo, a series of international conferences were hosted by other supportive governments to discuss the terms of the treaty in Peru, Austria, New Zealand and Ireland. Around 140 countries participated in one or more of the Oslo Process conferences including major user and producer states, affected states and states that stockpile cluster bombs. Regional conferences have also been held in Belgium, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Thailand and Zambia. Serbia also hosted a conference for states affected by cluster munitions.
在集束彈藥聯盟的活動中，來自於世界各地的市民代表積極地參與區域性與國際性的會議，也促成公約被各國所接受。而包含有市民、受集束彈藥所傷的生存者、排雷專家、協助受害人的專家與行動者則也參與了一系列的活動，目的是對於政府、公眾與媒體進行相關知識的教育。此外，在公約的起草上，集束彈藥聯盟也扮演著相當重要的角色。
Civil society representatives from throughout the world, under the leadership of the Cluster Munition Coalition, actively participated in the regional and international conferences and in the many steps leading to the adoption of the convention. Committed citizens, cluster munition survivors, demining experts, victim assistance specialists and activists took part in a variety of activities aimed at educating the governments, the public and the media. The Cluster Munition Coalition also significantly contributed to drafting the text of the convention.
《集束彈藥公約》終於進入了最後的談判階段，其公約的文字也於2008年5月30日都柏林的外交會議上通過，隨後即於挪威的奧斯陸開放簽署。在2008年12月3日至4日，一共有94個國家簽署該公約，該公約並於2010年8月1日正式生效。關於完整的簽署、批准國家清單，請參考http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Universal/CCM/Signatories。
The Convention on Cluster Munitions was finally negotiated and its wording was adopted at the Dublin Diplomatic Conference on 30 May 2008. The convention was open for signature in Oslo, Norway, on 3-4 December 2008, where it was signed by 94 states. It entered into force on 1 August 2010. Click here for an up-to-date list of the latest signatures and ratifications.
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